# Go/No-go — PsychoPy

> **Parent**: [psych-experiment-coder](../../SKILL.md) · [Implementation Guide](../spec/README.md)
> **Config reference**: [go-nogo](../../../psych-experiment-programming/paradigms/go-nogo.md)
> **Source**: [Pavlovia demos/go_nogo](https://gitlab.pavlovia.org/demos/go_nogo) · PsychoPy 2023.2.3

## Experiment Logic

The experiment begins with an instruction screen ("intro" routine) that explains the task to participants: press the spacebar when they see a tick (go stimulus), and withhold all responses when they see a cross (no-go stimulus). Two example images (`go.png` and `nogo.png`) are displayed as visual references. The participant presses the "S" key to begin the main experiment.

The main trial loop is driven by a condition file (`conditions.xlsx`) loaded via `data.importConditions()`. Each row in the file defines one trial with two key columns: `this_image` (the image file to display, e.g. `go.png` or `nogo.png`) and `corr_ans` (the correct answer: `'space'` for go trials, `'none'` for no-go trials). The `TrialHandler` shuffles trials randomly with `nReps=1.0`. The go/no-go ratio is determined entirely by the composition of the condition file -- if 70% of rows specify a go stimulus, the experiment will have a 70:30 go:nogo ratio.

Each trial ("trial" routine) runs for a maximum of 2 seconds. The image stimulus is drawn to screen using `visual.ImageStim`, with the image path set dynamically from the condition file column `this_image` via `image.setImage(this_image)`. A `keyboard.Keyboard` component begins listening for the spacebar simultaneously with stimulus onset, with its clock reset precisely at screen flip via `win.callOnFlip(key_resp.clock.reset)` to ensure accurate reaction time measurement. If the participant presses the spacebar, the trial ends immediately (response-terminated); otherwise, the stimulus remains on screen for the full 2-second duration.

Accuracy is determined by comparing the participant's response to `corr_ans`. When a key is pressed, the code checks whether `key_resp.keys == str(corr_ans) or key_resp.keys == corr_ans` -- this handles both the case where `corr_ans` is `'space'` (correct go response) and where it is `None` (the comparison falls through as incorrect, because pressing space on a no-go trial is wrong). When no key is pressed within the 2-second window, the code checks `str(corr_ans).lower() == 'none'` to determine whether withholding was the correct action. This dual-path logic cleanly handles both go accuracy (press = correct, withhold = incorrect) and no-go accuracy (withhold = correct, press = incorrect).

After each trial, a feedback routine ("feedback") displays "Correct!" or "Incorrect" for 500 ms, driven by a `correct_counter` accumulator that tracks cumulative correct responses. The experiment ends with a final screen ("end" routine) showing the total score (e.g. "You scored 32 correct!") and waits for spacebar to exit.

Per-trial data is saved to the `TrialHandler` via `trials.addData()`, including the key pressed (`key_resp.keys`), accuracy (`key_resp.corr`), reaction time (`key_resp.rt`), and key press duration (`key_resp.duration`). The `ExperimentHandler` automatically saves wide-format CSV and pickle files to a `data/` subdirectory with a filename stem of `participant_gng_date`.

## Key Design Patterns

- `keyboard.Keyboard()` with `win.callOnFlip(key_resp.clock.reset)` and `win.callOnFlip(key_resp.clearEvents, eventType='keyboard')` for frame-accurate RT measurement -- clock zeroes on the same flip where the stimulus first appears
- Condition file loaded via `data.importConditions('conditions.xlsx')` into a `data.TrialHandler` with `method='random'` and `nReps=1.0`
- Dynamic stimulus update via `image.setImage(this_image)` where `this_image` is a column name from the condition file
- Two-branch accuracy logic: explicit key-vs-`corr_ans` comparison when a response is made, and a `'none'` check when no response is recorded
- `routineTimer.getTime() < 2.0` as the outer while-loop guard for fixed-duration trials, with `continueRoutine = False` for response-terminated early exit
- Component stop timing via `tThisFlipGlobal > component.tStartRefresh + duration - frameTolerance` for frame-accurate stimulus offset
- `correct_counter` accumulator variable initialized in "Begin Experiment" code and incremented per trial for end-of-experiment score display
- `thisExp.addData()` for routine-level timestamps; `trials.addData()` for per-trial response data stored in the TrialHandler

## Code Example

Complete runnable PsychoPy code for Go/No-go task:

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
This experiment was created using PsychoPy3 Experiment Builder (v2023.2.3),
    on Wed Dec 13 20:58:49 2023
If you publish work using this script the most relevant publication is:

    Peirce J, Gray JR, Simpson S, MacAskill M, Höchenberger R, Sogo H, Kastman E, Lindeløv JK. (2019) 
        PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy Behav Res 51: 195. 
        https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y

"""

# --- Import packages ---
from psychopy import locale_setup
from psychopy import prefs
from psychopy import plugins
plugins.activatePlugins()
prefs.hardware['audioLib'] = 'ptb'
prefs.hardware['audioLatencyMode'] = '3'
from psychopy import sound, gui, visual, core, data, event, logging, clock, colors, layout
from psychopy.tools import environmenttools
from psychopy.constants import (NOT_STARTED, STARTED, PLAYING, PAUSED,
                                STOPPED, FINISHED, PRESSED, RELEASED, FOREVER, priority)

import numpy as np  # whole numpy lib is available, prepend 'np.'
from numpy import (sin, cos, tan, log, log10, pi, average,
                   sqrt, std, deg2rad, rad2deg, linspace, asarray)
from numpy.random import random, randint, normal, shuffle, choice as randchoice
import os  # handy system and path functions
import sys  # to get file system encoding

import psychopy.iohub as io
from psychopy.hardware import keyboard

# --- Setup global variables (available in all functions) ---
# Ensure that relative paths start from the same directory as this script
_thisDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
# Store info about the experiment session
psychopyVersion = '2023.2.3'
expName = 'gng'  # from the Builder filename that created this script
expInfo = {
    'participant': f"{randint(0, 999999):06.0f}",
    'session': '001',
    'date': data.getDateStr(),  # add a simple timestamp
    'expName': expName,
    'psychopyVersion': psychopyVersion,
}


def showExpInfoDlg(expInfo):
    """
    Show participant info dialog.
    Parameters
    ==========
    expInfo : dict
        Information about this experiment, created by the `setupExpInfo` function.
    
    Returns
    ==========
    dict
        Information about this experiment.
    """
    # temporarily remove keys which the dialog doesn't need to show
    poppedKeys = {
        'date': expInfo.pop('date', data.getDateStr()),
        'expName': expInfo.pop('expName', expName),
        'psychopyVersion': expInfo.pop('psychopyVersion', psychopyVersion),
    }
    # show participant info dialog
    dlg = gui.DlgFromDict(dictionary=expInfo, sortKeys=False, title=expName)
    if dlg.OK == False:
        core.quit()  # user pressed cancel
    # restore hidden keys
    expInfo.update(poppedKeys)
    # return expInfo
    return expInfo


def setupData(expInfo, dataDir=None):
    """
    Make an ExperimentHandler to handle trials and saving.
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    expInfo : dict
        Information about this experiment, created by the `setupExpInfo` function.
    dataDir : Path, str or None
        Folder to save the data to, leave as None to create a folder in the current directory.    
    Returns
    ==========
    psychopy.data.ExperimentHandler
        Handler object for this experiment, contains the data to save and information about 
        where to save it to.
    """
    
    # data file name stem = absolute path + name; later add .psyexp, .csv, .log, etc
    if dataDir is None:
        dataDir = _thisDir
    filename = u'data/%s_%s_%s' % (expInfo['participant'], expName, expInfo['date'])
    # make sure filename is relative to dataDir
    if os.path.isabs(filename):
        dataDir = os.path.commonprefix([dataDir, filename])
        filename = os.path.relpath(filename, dataDir)
    
    # an ExperimentHandler isn't essential but helps with data saving
    thisExp = data.ExperimentHandler(
        name=expName, version='',
        extraInfo=expInfo, runtimeInfo=None,
        originPath='/Users/becca/Documents/newdemos/Experiments/Go NoGo/gng_lastrun.py',
        savePickle=True, saveWideText=True,
        dataFileName=dataDir + os.sep + filename, sortColumns='time'
    )
    thisExp.setPriority('thisRow.t', priority.CRITICAL)
    thisExp.setPriority('expName', priority.LOW)
    # return experiment handler
    return thisExp


def setupLogging(filename):
    """
    Setup a log file and tell it what level to log at.
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    filename : str or pathlib.Path
        Filename to save log file and data files as, doesn't need an extension.
    
    Returns
    ==========
    psychopy.logging.LogFile
        Text stream to receive inputs from the logging system.
    """
    # this outputs to the screen, not a file
    logging.console.setLevel(logging.EXP)
    # save a log file for detail verbose info
    logFile = logging.LogFile(filename+'.log', level=logging.EXP)
    
    return logFile


def setupWindow(expInfo=None, win=None):
    """
    Setup the Window
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    expInfo : dict
        Information about this experiment, created by the `setupExpInfo` function.
    win : psychopy.visual.Window
        Window to setup - leave as None to create a new window.
    
    Returns
    ==========
    psychopy.visual.Window
        Window in which to run this experiment.
    """
    if win is None:
        # if not given a window to setup, make one
        win = visual.Window(
            size=[1440, 900], fullscr=True, screen=0,
            winType='pyglet', allowStencil=True,
            monitor='testMonitor', color=[-1, -1, -1], colorSpace='rgb',
            backgroundImage='', backgroundFit='none',
            blendMode='avg', useFBO=True,
            units='height'
        )
        if expInfo is not None:
            # store frame rate of monitor if we can measure it
            expInfo['frameRate'] = win.getActualFrameRate()
    else:
        # if we have a window, just set the attributes which are safe to set
        win.color = [-1, -1, -1]
        win.colorSpace = 'rgb'
        win.backgroundImage = ''
        win.backgroundFit = 'none'
        win.units = 'height'
    win.mouseVisible = False
    win.hideMessage()
    return win


def setupInputs(expInfo, thisExp, win):
    """
    Setup whatever inputs are available (mouse, keyboard, eyetracker, etc.)
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    expInfo : dict
        Information about this experiment, created by the `setupExpInfo` function.
    thisExp : psychopy.data.ExperimentHandler
        Handler object for this experiment, contains the data to save and information about 
        where to save it to.
    win : psychopy.visual.Window
        Window in which to run this experiment.
    Returns
    ==========
    dict
        Dictionary of input devices by name.
    """
    # --- Setup input devices ---
    inputs = {}
    ioConfig = {}
    
    # Setup iohub keyboard
    ioConfig['Keyboard'] = dict(use_keymap='psychopy')
    
    ioSession = '1'
    if 'session' in expInfo:
        ioSession = str(expInfo['session'])
    ioServer = io.launchHubServer(window=win, **ioConfig)
    eyetracker = None
    
    # create a default keyboard (e.g. to check for escape)
    defaultKeyboard = keyboard.Keyboard(backend='iohub')
    # return inputs dict
    return {
        'ioServer': ioServer,
        'defaultKeyboard': defaultKeyboard,
        'eyetracker': eyetracker,
    }

def pauseExperiment(thisExp, inputs=None, win=None, timers=[], playbackComponents=[]):
    """
    Pause this experiment, preventing the flow from advancing to the next routine until resumed.
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    thisExp : psychopy.data.ExperimentHandler
        Handler object for this experiment, contains the data to save and information about 
        where to save it to.
    inputs : dict
        Dictionary of input devices by name.
    win : psychopy.visual.Window
        Window for this experiment.
    timers : list, tuple
        List of timers to reset once pausing is finished.
    playbackComponents : list, tuple
        List of any components with a `pause` method which need to be paused.
    """
    # if we are not paused, do nothing
    if thisExp.status != PAUSED:
        return
    
    # pause any playback components
    for comp in playbackComponents:
        comp.pause()
    # prevent components from auto-drawing
    win.stashAutoDraw()
    # run a while loop while we wait to unpause
    while thisExp.status == PAUSED:
        # make sure we have a keyboard
        if inputs is None:
            inputs = {
                'defaultKeyboard': keyboard.Keyboard(backend='ioHub')
            }
        # check for quit (typically the Esc key)
        if inputs['defaultKeyboard'].getKeys(keyList=['escape']):
            endExperiment(thisExp, win=win, inputs=inputs)
        # flip the screen
        win.flip()
    # if stop was requested while paused, quit
    if thisExp.status == FINISHED:
        endExperiment(thisExp, inputs=inputs, win=win)
    # resume any playback components
    for comp in playbackComponents:
        comp.play()
    # restore auto-drawn components
    win.retrieveAutoDraw()
    # reset any timers
    for timer in timers:
        timer.reset()


def run(expInfo, thisExp, win, inputs, globalClock=None, thisSession=None):
    """
    Run the experiment flow.
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    expInfo : dict
        Information about this experiment, created by the `setupExpInfo` function.
    thisExp : psychopy.data.ExperimentHandler
        Handler object for this experiment, contains the data to save and information about 
        where to save it to.
    psychopy.visual.Window
        Window in which to run this experiment.
    inputs : dict
        Dictionary of input devices by name.
    globalClock : psychopy.core.clock.Clock or None
        Clock to get global time from - supply None to make a new one.
    thisSession : psychopy.session.Session or None
        Handle of the Session object this experiment is being run from, if any.
    """
    # mark experiment as started
    thisExp.status = STARTED
    # make sure variables created by exec are available globally
    exec = environmenttools.setExecEnvironment(globals())
    # get device handles from dict of input devices
    ioServer = inputs['ioServer']
    defaultKeyboard = inputs['defaultKeyboard']
    eyetracker = inputs['eyetracker']
    # make sure we're running in the directory for this experiment
    os.chdir(_thisDir)
    # get filename from ExperimentHandler for convenience
    filename = thisExp.dataFileName
    frameTolerance = 0.001  # how close to onset before 'same' frame
    endExpNow = False  # flag for 'escape' or other condition => quit the exp
    # get frame duration from frame rate in expInfo
    if 'frameRate' in expInfo and expInfo['frameRate'] is not None:
        frameDur = 1.0 / round(expInfo['frameRate'])
    else:
        frameDur = 1.0 / 60.0  # could not measure, so guess
    
    # Start Code - component code to be run after the window creation
    
    # --- Initialize components for Routine "intro" ---
    introtxt = visual.TextBox2(
         win, text='Press space if you see a tick, do not press anything if you see a cross.\n\nPress the "S" key to start', placeholder='Type here...', font='Arial',
         pos=(0, 0),     letterHeight=0.05,
         size=(1, 0.5), borderWidth=2.0,
         color='white', colorSpace='rgb',
         opacity=None,
         bold=False, italic=False,
         lineSpacing=1.0, speechPoint=None,
         padding=0.0, alignment='center',
         anchor='center', overflow='visible',
         fillColor=None, borderColor=None,
         flipHoriz=False, flipVert=False, languageStyle='LTR',
         editable=False,
         name='introtxt',
         depth=0, autoLog=True,
    )
    start_resp = keyboard.Keyboard()
    go_example = visual.ImageStim(
        win=win,
        name='go_example', 
        image='go.png', mask=None, anchor='center',
        ori=0.0, pos=(0.6, 0.2), size=(0.1, 0.1),
        color=[1,1,1], colorSpace='rgb', opacity=None,
        flipHoriz=False, flipVert=False,
        texRes=128.0, interpolate=True, depth=-2.0)
    nogo_example = visual.ImageStim(
        win=win,
        name='nogo_example', 
        image='nogo.png', mask=None, anchor='center',
        ori=0.0, pos=(0.6, -0.2), size=(0.1, 0.1),
        color=[1,1,1], colorSpace='rgb', opacity=None,
        flipHoriz=False, flipVert=False,
        texRes=128.0, interpolate=True, depth=-3.0)
    
    # --- Initialize components for Routine "trial" ---
    image = visual.ImageStim(
        win=win,
        name='image', 
        image='default.png', mask=None, anchor='center',
        ori=0.0, pos=(0, 0), size=(0.5, 0.5),
        color=[1,1,1], colorSpace='rgb', opacity=None,
        flipHoriz=False, flipVert=False,
        texRes=128.0, interpolate=True, depth=0.0)
    key_resp = keyboard.Keyboard()
    
    # --- Initialize components for Routine "feedback" ---
    # Run 'Begin Experiment' code from code
    correct_counter = 0
    fbtxt = visual.TextBox2(
         win, text='', placeholder='Type here...', font='Arial',
         pos=(0, 0),     letterHeight=0.05,
         size=(0.5, 0.5), borderWidth=2.0,
         color='white', colorSpace='rgb',
         opacity=None,
         bold=False, italic=False,
         lineSpacing=1.0, speechPoint=None,
         padding=0.0, alignment='center',
         anchor='center', overflow='visible',
         fillColor=None, borderColor=None,
         flipHoriz=False, flipVert=False, languageStyle='LTR',
         editable=False,
         name='fbtxt',
         depth=-1, autoLog=True,
    )
    
    # --- Initialize components for Routine "end" ---
    textbox = visual.TextBox2(
         win, text='', placeholder='Type here...', font='Arial',
         pos=(0, 0),     letterHeight=0.05,
         size=(0.5, 0.5), borderWidth=2.0,
         color='white', colorSpace='rgb',
         opacity=None,
         bold=False, italic=False,
         lineSpacing=1.0, speechPoint=None,
         padding=0.0, alignment='center',
         anchor='center', overflow='visible',
         fillColor=None, borderColor=None,
         flipHoriz=False, flipVert=False, languageStyle='LTR',
         editable=False,
         name='textbox',
         depth=-1, autoLog=True,
    )
    
    # create some handy timers
    if globalClock is None:
        globalClock = core.Clock()  # to track the time since experiment started
    if ioServer is not None:
        ioServer.syncClock(globalClock)
    logging.setDefaultClock(globalClock)
    routineTimer = core.Clock()  # to track time remaining of each (possibly non-slip) routine
    win.flip()  # flip window to reset last flip timer
    # store the exact time the global clock started
    expInfo['expStart'] = data.getDateStr(format='%Y-%m-%d %Hh%M.%S.%f %z', fractionalSecondDigits=6)
    
    # --- Prepare to start Routine "intro" ---
    continueRoutine = True
    # update component parameters for each repeat
    thisExp.addData('intro.started', globalClock.getTime())
    introtxt.reset()
    start_resp.keys = []
    start_resp.rt = []
    _start_resp_allKeys = []
    # keep track of which components have finished
    introComponents = [introtxt, start_resp, go_example, nogo_example]
    for thisComponent in introComponents:
        thisComponent.tStart = None
        thisComponent.tStop = None
        thisComponent.tStartRefresh = None
        thisComponent.tStopRefresh = None
        if hasattr(thisComponent, 'status'):
            thisComponent.status = NOT_STARTED
    # reset timers
    t = 0
    _timeToFirstFrame = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock="now")
    frameN = -1
    
    # --- Run Routine "intro" ---
    routineForceEnded = not continueRoutine
    while continueRoutine:
        # get current time
        t = routineTimer.getTime()
        tThisFlip = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=routineTimer)
        tThisFlipGlobal = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=None)
        frameN = frameN + 1  # number of completed frames (so 0 is the first frame)
        # update/draw components on each frame
        
        # *introtxt* updates
        
        # if introtxt is starting this frame...
        if introtxt.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
            # keep track of start time/frame for later
            introtxt.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
            introtxt.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
            introtxt.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
            win.timeOnFlip(introtxt, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
            # add timestamp to datafile
            thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'introtxt.started')
            # update status
            introtxt.status = STARTED
            introtxt.setAutoDraw(True)
        
        # if introtxt is active this frame...
        if introtxt.status == STARTED:
            # update params
            pass
        
        # *start_resp* updates
        waitOnFlip = False
        
        # if start_resp is starting this frame...
        if start_resp.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
            # keep track of start time/frame for later
            start_resp.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
            start_resp.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
            start_resp.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
            win.timeOnFlip(start_resp, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
            # add timestamp to datafile
            thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'start_resp.started')
            # update status
            start_resp.status = STARTED
            # keyboard checking is just starting
            waitOnFlip = True
            win.callOnFlip(start_resp.clock.reset)  # t=0 on next screen flip
            win.callOnFlip(start_resp.clearEvents, eventType='keyboard')  # clear events on next screen flip
        if start_resp.status == STARTED and not waitOnFlip:
            theseKeys = start_resp.getKeys(keyList=['s'], ignoreKeys=["escape"], waitRelease=False)
            _start_resp_allKeys.extend(theseKeys)
            if len(_start_resp_allKeys):
                start_resp.keys = _start_resp_allKeys[-1].name  # just the last key pressed
                start_resp.rt = _start_resp_allKeys[-1].rt
                start_resp.duration = _start_resp_allKeys[-1].duration
                # a response ends the routine
                continueRoutine = False
        
        # *go_example* updates
        
        # if go_example is starting this frame...
        if go_example.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
            # keep track of start time/frame for later
            go_example.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
            go_example.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
            go_example.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
            win.timeOnFlip(go_example, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
            # add timestamp to datafile
            thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'go_example.started')
            # update status
            go_example.status = STARTED
            go_example.setAutoDraw(True)
        
        # if go_example is active this frame...
        if go_example.status == STARTED:
            # update params
            pass
        
        # *nogo_example* updates
        
        # if nogo_example is starting this frame...
        if nogo_example.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
            # keep track of start time/frame for later
            nogo_example.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
            nogo_example.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
            nogo_example.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
            win.timeOnFlip(nogo_example, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
            # add timestamp to datafile
            thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'nogo_example.started')
            # update status
            nogo_example.status = STARTED
            nogo_example.setAutoDraw(True)
        
        # if nogo_example is active this frame...
        if nogo_example.status == STARTED:
            # update params
            pass
        
        # check for quit (typically the Esc key)
        if defaultKeyboard.getKeys(keyList=["escape"]):
            thisExp.status = FINISHED
        if thisExp.status == FINISHED or endExpNow:
            endExperiment(thisExp, inputs=inputs, win=win)
            return
        
        # check if all components have finished
        if not continueRoutine:  # a component has requested a forced-end of Routine
            routineForceEnded = True
            break
        continueRoutine = False  # will revert to True if at least one component still running
        for thisComponent in introComponents:
            if hasattr(thisComponent, "status") and thisComponent.status != FINISHED:
                continueRoutine = True
                break  # at least one component has not yet finished
        
        # refresh the screen
        if continueRoutine:  # don't flip if this routine is over or we'll get a blank screen
            win.flip()
    
    # --- Ending Routine "intro" ---
    for thisComponent in introComponents:
        if hasattr(thisComponent, "setAutoDraw"):
            thisComponent.setAutoDraw(False)
    thisExp.addData('intro.stopped', globalClock.getTime())
    # check responses
    if start_resp.keys in ['', [], None]:  # No response was made
        start_resp.keys = None
    thisExp.addData('start_resp.keys',start_resp.keys)
    if start_resp.keys != None:  # we had a response
        thisExp.addData('start_resp.rt', start_resp.rt)
        thisExp.addData('start_resp.duration', start_resp.duration)
    thisExp.nextEntry()
    # the Routine "intro" was not non-slip safe, so reset the non-slip timer
    routineTimer.reset()
    
    # set up handler to look after randomisation of conditions etc
    trials = data.TrialHandler(nReps=1.0, method='random', 
        extraInfo=expInfo, originPath=-1,
        trialList=data.importConditions('conditions.xlsx'),
        seed=None, name='trials')
    thisExp.addLoop(trials)  # add the loop to the experiment
    thisTrial = trials.trialList[0]  # so we can initialise stimuli with some values
    # abbreviate parameter names if possible (e.g. rgb = thisTrial.rgb)
    if thisTrial != None:
        for paramName in thisTrial:
            globals()[paramName] = thisTrial[paramName]
    
    for thisTrial in trials:
        currentLoop = trials
        thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'thisRow.t')
        # pause experiment here if requested
        if thisExp.status == PAUSED:
            pauseExperiment(
                thisExp=thisExp, 
                inputs=inputs, 
                win=win, 
                timers=[routineTimer], 
                playbackComponents=[]
        )
        # abbreviate parameter names if possible (e.g. rgb = thisTrial.rgb)
        if thisTrial != None:
            for paramName in thisTrial:
                globals()[paramName] = thisTrial[paramName]
        
        # --- Prepare to start Routine "trial" ---
        continueRoutine = True
        # update component parameters for each repeat
        thisExp.addData('trial.started', globalClock.getTime())
        image.setImage(this_image)
        key_resp.keys = []
        key_resp.rt = []
        _key_resp_allKeys = []
        # keep track of which components have finished
        trialComponents = [image, key_resp]
        for thisComponent in trialComponents:
            thisComponent.tStart = None
            thisComponent.tStop = None
            thisComponent.tStartRefresh = None
            thisComponent.tStopRefresh = None
            if hasattr(thisComponent, 'status'):
                thisComponent.status = NOT_STARTED
        # reset timers
        t = 0
        _timeToFirstFrame = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock="now")
        frameN = -1
        
        # --- Run Routine "trial" ---
        routineForceEnded = not continueRoutine
        while continueRoutine and routineTimer.getTime() < 2.0:
            # get current time
            t = routineTimer.getTime()
            tThisFlip = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=routineTimer)
            tThisFlipGlobal = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=None)
            frameN = frameN + 1  # number of completed frames (so 0 is the first frame)
            # update/draw components on each frame
            
            # *image* updates
            
            # if image is starting this frame...
            if image.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
                # keep track of start time/frame for later
                image.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
                image.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
                image.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
                win.timeOnFlip(image, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
                # add timestamp to datafile
                thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'image.started')
                # update status
                image.status = STARTED
                image.setAutoDraw(True)
            
            # if image is active this frame...
            if image.status == STARTED:
                # update params
                pass
            
            # if image is stopping this frame...
            if image.status == STARTED:
                # is it time to stop? (based on global clock, using actual start)
                if tThisFlipGlobal > image.tStartRefresh + 2-frameTolerance:
                    # keep track of stop time/frame for later
                    image.tStop = t  # not accounting for scr refresh
                    image.frameNStop = frameN  # exact frame index
                    # add timestamp to datafile
                    thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'image.stopped')
                    # update status
                    image.status = FINISHED
                    image.setAutoDraw(False)
            
            # *key_resp* updates
            waitOnFlip = False
            
            # if key_resp is starting this frame...
            if key_resp.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
                # keep track of start time/frame for later
                key_resp.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
                key_resp.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
                key_resp.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
                win.timeOnFlip(key_resp, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
                # add timestamp to datafile
                thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'key_resp.started')
                # update status
                key_resp.status = STARTED
                # keyboard checking is just starting
                waitOnFlip = True
                win.callOnFlip(key_resp.clock.reset)  # t=0 on next screen flip
                win.callOnFlip(key_resp.clearEvents, eventType='keyboard')  # clear events on next screen flip
            
            # if key_resp is stopping this frame...
            if key_resp.status == STARTED:
                # is it time to stop? (based on global clock, using actual start)
                if tThisFlipGlobal > key_resp.tStartRefresh + 2-frameTolerance:
                    # keep track of stop time/frame for later
                    key_resp.tStop = t  # not accounting for scr refresh
                    key_resp.frameNStop = frameN  # exact frame index
                    # add timestamp to datafile
                    thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'key_resp.stopped')
                    # update status
                    key_resp.status = FINISHED
                    key_resp.status = FINISHED
            if key_resp.status == STARTED and not waitOnFlip:
                theseKeys = key_resp.getKeys(keyList=['space'], ignoreKeys=["escape"], waitRelease=False)
                _key_resp_allKeys.extend(theseKeys)
                if len(_key_resp_allKeys):
                    key_resp.keys = _key_resp_allKeys[-1].name  # just the last key pressed
                    key_resp.rt = _key_resp_allKeys[-1].rt
                    key_resp.duration = _key_resp_allKeys[-1].duration
                    # was this correct?
                    if (key_resp.keys == str(corr_ans)) or (key_resp.keys == corr_ans):
                        key_resp.corr = 1
                    else:
                        key_resp.corr = 0
                    # a response ends the routine
                    continueRoutine = False
            
            # check for quit (typically the Esc key)
            if defaultKeyboard.getKeys(keyList=["escape"]):
                thisExp.status = FINISHED
            if thisExp.status == FINISHED or endExpNow:
                endExperiment(thisExp, inputs=inputs, win=win)
                return
            
            # check if all components have finished
            if not continueRoutine:  # a component has requested a forced-end of Routine
                routineForceEnded = True
                break
            continueRoutine = False  # will revert to True if at least one component still running
            for thisComponent in trialComponents:
                if hasattr(thisComponent, "status") and thisComponent.status != FINISHED:
                    continueRoutine = True
                    break  # at least one component has not yet finished
            
            # refresh the screen
            if continueRoutine:  # don't flip if this routine is over or we'll get a blank screen
                win.flip()
        
        # --- Ending Routine "trial" ---
        for thisComponent in trialComponents:
            if hasattr(thisComponent, "setAutoDraw"):
                thisComponent.setAutoDraw(False)
        thisExp.addData('trial.stopped', globalClock.getTime())
        # check responses
        if key_resp.keys in ['', [], None]:  # No response was made
            key_resp.keys = None
            # was no response the correct answer?!
            if str(corr_ans).lower() == 'none':
               key_resp.corr = 1;  # correct non-response
            else:
               key_resp.corr = 0;  # failed to respond (incorrectly)
        # store data for trials (TrialHandler)
        trials.addData('key_resp.keys',key_resp.keys)
        trials.addData('key_resp.corr', key_resp.corr)
        if key_resp.keys != None:  # we had a response
            trials.addData('key_resp.rt', key_resp.rt)
            trials.addData('key_resp.duration', key_resp.duration)
        # using non-slip timing so subtract the expected duration of this Routine (unless ended on request)
        if routineForceEnded:
            routineTimer.reset()
        else:
            routineTimer.addTime(-2.000000)
        
        # --- Prepare to start Routine "feedback" ---
        continueRoutine = True
        # update component parameters for each repeat
        thisExp.addData('feedback.started', globalClock.getTime())
        # Run 'Begin Routine' code from code
        if key_resp.corr:
            fb = 'Correct!'
        else:
            fb = 'Incorrect'
        
        correct_counter += key_resp.corr
        fbtxt.reset()
        fbtxt.setText(fb)
        # keep track of which components have finished
        feedbackComponents = [fbtxt]
        for thisComponent in feedbackComponents:
            thisComponent.tStart = None
            thisComponent.tStop = None
            thisComponent.tStartRefresh = None
            thisComponent.tStopRefresh = None
            if hasattr(thisComponent, 'status'):
                thisComponent.status = NOT_STARTED
        # reset timers
        t = 0
        _timeToFirstFrame = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock="now")
        frameN = -1
        
        # --- Run Routine "feedback" ---
        routineForceEnded = not continueRoutine
        while continueRoutine and routineTimer.getTime() < 0.5:
            # get current time
            t = routineTimer.getTime()
            tThisFlip = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=routineTimer)
            tThisFlipGlobal = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=None)
            frameN = frameN + 1  # number of completed frames (so 0 is the first frame)
            # update/draw components on each frame
            
            # *fbtxt* updates
            
            # if fbtxt is starting this frame...
            if fbtxt.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
                # keep track of start time/frame for later
                fbtxt.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
                fbtxt.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
                fbtxt.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
                win.timeOnFlip(fbtxt, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
                # add timestamp to datafile
                thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'fbtxt.started')
                # update status
                fbtxt.status = STARTED
                fbtxt.setAutoDraw(True)
            
            # if fbtxt is active this frame...
            if fbtxt.status == STARTED:
                # update params
                pass
            
            # if fbtxt is stopping this frame...
            if fbtxt.status == STARTED:
                # is it time to stop? (based on global clock, using actual start)
                if tThisFlipGlobal > fbtxt.tStartRefresh + 0.5-frameTolerance:
                    # keep track of stop time/frame for later
                    fbtxt.tStop = t  # not accounting for scr refresh
                    fbtxt.frameNStop = frameN  # exact frame index
                    # add timestamp to datafile
                    thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'fbtxt.stopped')
                    # update status
                    fbtxt.status = FINISHED
                    fbtxt.setAutoDraw(False)
            
            # check for quit (typically the Esc key)
            if defaultKeyboard.getKeys(keyList=["escape"]):
                thisExp.status = FINISHED
            if thisExp.status == FINISHED or endExpNow:
                endExperiment(thisExp, inputs=inputs, win=win)
                return
            
            # check if all components have finished
            if not continueRoutine:  # a component has requested a forced-end of Routine
                routineForceEnded = True
                break
            continueRoutine = False  # will revert to True if at least one component still running
            for thisComponent in feedbackComponents:
                if hasattr(thisComponent, "status") and thisComponent.status != FINISHED:
                    continueRoutine = True
                    break  # at least one component has not yet finished
            
            # refresh the screen
            if continueRoutine:  # don't flip if this routine is over or we'll get a blank screen
                win.flip()
        
        # --- Ending Routine "feedback" ---
        for thisComponent in feedbackComponents:
            if hasattr(thisComponent, "setAutoDraw"):
                thisComponent.setAutoDraw(False)
        thisExp.addData('feedback.stopped', globalClock.getTime())
        # using non-slip timing so subtract the expected duration of this Routine (unless ended on request)
        if routineForceEnded:
            routineTimer.reset()
        else:
            routineTimer.addTime(-0.500000)
        thisExp.nextEntry()
        
        if thisSession is not None:
            # if running in a Session with a Liaison client, send data up to now
            thisSession.sendExperimentData()
    # completed 1.0 repeats of 'trials'
    
    
    # --- Prepare to start Routine "end" ---
    continueRoutine = True
    # update component parameters for each repeat
    thisExp.addData('end.started', globalClock.getTime())
    # Run 'Begin Routine' code from set_endtxt
    endtxt = 'You scored ' + str(correct_counter) + ' correct!\n press space to end'
    textbox.reset()
    textbox.setText(endtxt)
    # keep track of which components have finished
    endComponents = [textbox]
    for thisComponent in endComponents:
        thisComponent.tStart = None
        thisComponent.tStop = None
        thisComponent.tStartRefresh = None
        thisComponent.tStopRefresh = None
        if hasattr(thisComponent, 'status'):
            thisComponent.status = NOT_STARTED
    # reset timers
    t = 0
    _timeToFirstFrame = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock="now")
    frameN = -1
    
    # --- Run Routine "end" ---
    routineForceEnded = not continueRoutine
    while continueRoutine:
        # get current time
        t = routineTimer.getTime()
        tThisFlip = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=routineTimer)
        tThisFlipGlobal = win.getFutureFlipTime(clock=None)
        frameN = frameN + 1  # number of completed frames (so 0 is the first frame)
        # update/draw components on each frame
        
        # *textbox* updates
        
        # if textbox is starting this frame...
        if textbox.status == NOT_STARTED and tThisFlip >= 0.0-frameTolerance:
            # keep track of start time/frame for later
            textbox.frameNStart = frameN  # exact frame index
            textbox.tStart = t  # local t and not account for scr refresh
            textbox.tStartRefresh = tThisFlipGlobal  # on global time
            win.timeOnFlip(textbox, 'tStartRefresh')  # time at next scr refresh
            # add timestamp to datafile
            thisExp.timestampOnFlip(win, 'textbox.started')
            # update status
            textbox.status = STARTED
            textbox.setAutoDraw(True)
        
        # if textbox is active this frame...
        if textbox.status == STARTED:
            # update params
            pass
        
        # check for quit (typically the Esc key)
        if defaultKeyboard.getKeys(keyList=["escape"]):
            thisExp.status = FINISHED
        if thisExp.status == FINISHED or endExpNow:
            endExperiment(thisExp, inputs=inputs, win=win)
            return
        
        # check if all components have finished
        if not continueRoutine:  # a component has requested a forced-end of Routine
            routineForceEnded = True
            break
        continueRoutine = False  # will revert to True if at least one component still running
        for thisComponent in endComponents:
            if hasattr(thisComponent, "status") and thisComponent.status != FINISHED:
                continueRoutine = True
                break  # at least one component has not yet finished
        
        # refresh the screen
        if continueRoutine:  # don't flip if this routine is over or we'll get a blank screen
            win.flip()
    
    # --- Ending Routine "end" ---
    for thisComponent in endComponents:
        if hasattr(thisComponent, "setAutoDraw"):
            thisComponent.setAutoDraw(False)
    thisExp.addData('end.stopped', globalClock.getTime())
    # the Routine "end" was not non-slip safe, so reset the non-slip timer
    routineTimer.reset()
    
    # mark experiment as finished
    endExperiment(thisExp, win=win, inputs=inputs)


def saveData(thisExp):
    """
    Save data from this experiment
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    thisExp : psychopy.data.ExperimentHandler
        Handler object for this experiment, contains the data to save and information about 
        where to save it to.
    """
    filename = thisExp.dataFileName
    # these shouldn't be strictly necessary (should auto-save)
    thisExp.saveAsWideText(filename + '.csv', delim='auto')
    thisExp.saveAsPickle(filename)


def endExperiment(thisExp, inputs=None, win=None):
    """
    End this experiment, performing final shut down operations.
    
    This function does NOT close the window or end the Python process - use `quit` for this.
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    thisExp : psychopy.data.ExperimentHandler
        Handler object for this experiment, contains the data to save and information about 
        where to save it to.
    inputs : dict
        Dictionary of input devices by name.
    win : psychopy.visual.Window
        Window for this experiment.
    """
    if win is not None:
        # remove autodraw from all current components
        win.clearAutoDraw()
        # Flip one final time so any remaining win.callOnFlip() 
        # and win.timeOnFlip() tasks get executed
        win.flip()
    # mark experiment handler as finished
    thisExp.status = FINISHED
    # shut down eyetracker, if there is one
    if inputs is not None:
        if 'eyetracker' in inputs and inputs['eyetracker'] is not None:
            inputs['eyetracker'].setConnectionState(False)
    logging.flush()


def quit(thisExp, win=None, inputs=None, thisSession=None):
    """
    Fully quit, closing the window and ending the Python process.
    
    Parameters
    ==========
    win : psychopy.visual.Window
        Window to close.
    inputs : dict
        Dictionary of input devices by name.
    thisSession : psychopy.session.Session or None
        Handle of the Session object this experiment is being run from, if any.
    """
    thisExp.abort()  # or data files will save again on exit
    # make sure everything is closed down
    if win is not None:
        # Flip one final time so any remaining win.callOnFlip() 
        # and win.timeOnFlip() tasks get executed before quitting
        win.flip()
        win.close()
    if inputs is not None:
        if 'eyetracker' in inputs and inputs['eyetracker'] is not None:
            inputs['eyetracker'].setConnectionState(False)
    logging.flush()
    if thisSession is not None:
        thisSession.stop()
    # terminate Python process
    core.quit()


# if running this experiment as a script...
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # call all functions in order
    expInfo = showExpInfoDlg(expInfo=expInfo)
    thisExp = setupData(expInfo=expInfo)
    logFile = setupLogging(filename=thisExp.dataFileName)
    win = setupWindow(expInfo=expInfo)
    inputs = setupInputs(expInfo=expInfo, thisExp=thisExp, win=win)
    run(
        expInfo=expInfo, 
        thisExp=thisExp, 
        win=win, 
        inputs=inputs
    )
    saveData(thisExp=thisExp)
    quit(thisExp=thisExp, win=win, inputs=inputs)
```
